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GNDU QUESTION PAPERS 2023
BA/BSc 6
th
SEMESTER
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Internaonal Polics: Theory & Pracce)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Discuss the meaning and scope of Internaonal Polics.
2. Discuss Realist Approach regarding Internaonal Polics with special focus on Hans J.
Morgenthau principles.
SECTION-B
3. Discuss the concept of Naonal Power and discuss its various elements.
4. Dene the concept of collecve security and discuss its various methods.
SECTION-C
5. Examine the issues of environment in Internaonal Relaons.
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6. Discuss the issue of Terrorism in Internaonal Polics.
SECTION-D
7. Discuss the structure and funcons of UNO.
8. Examine EU as regional organizaon with special focus on Brexit.
GNDU ANSWER PAPERS 2023
BA/BSc 6
th
SEMESTER
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Internaonal Polics: Theory & Pracce)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Discuss the meaning and scope of Internaonal Polics.
Ans: Meaning and Scope of International Politics
Introduction: A World of Many Nations
Imagine the world as a large neighbourhood where each house is a country.
Every house has its own rules, interests, needs, and goals. Sometimes neighbours
cooperate, sometimes they compete, and sometimes they even fight.
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The study of how these “houses” (countries) behave with each other—how they cooperate,
conflict, trade, form alliances, or make peace—is called International Politics.
So, International Politics is basically the story of relationships among countries in the global
system.
Meaning of International Politics
International Politics refers to the study of political relations among nations.
It examines how countries interact with each other in matters such as power, security,
diplomacy, war, peace, trade, and cooperation.
In simple words:
International Politics = Politics beyond national borders
While national politics deals with issues within a country, international politics deals with
issues between countries.
For example:
• India’s election → National politics
• India–China border issue → International politics
• Global climate agreements → International politics
Thus, international politics studies how countries pursue their national interests in the
international arena.
Key Elements of International Politics
To understand its meaning better, we should know its main components:
1. Nation-States
Countries like India, USA, China, Russia, etc., are the main actors.
They make decisions based on their national interests.
2. Power
Power is central to international politics.
Countries try to become powerful through:
• Military strength
• Economic growth
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• Technology
• Alliances
Example: Nuclear weapons increase power and influence.
3. National Interest
Every country wants to protect and promote its own interests, such as:
• Security
• Economic growth
• Prestige
• Territorial integrity
Example: India’s foreign policy aims at security and development.
4. Conflict and Cooperation
Countries sometimes compete and sometimes cooperate.
Conflict examples:
• Wars
• Border disputes
• Trade tensions
Cooperation examples:
• Trade agreements
• Climate treaties
• International organizations
Scope of International Politics
The scope means the areas or subjects covered by international politics.
Today, international politics has become very broad and complex because the world is
highly interconnected.
Let’s explore its main areas step-by-step.
1. Relations Among Nations
The core of international politics is the relationship between countries.
These relations include:
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• Friendly relations
• Rivalry
• Alliances
• Diplomacy
Example:
India has friendly relations with France but tense relations with Pakistan.
So, studying how and why countries maintain such relations is part of international politics.
2. Foreign Policy
Foreign policy is the strategy a country uses in dealing with other nations.
It includes decisions about:
• Alliances
• Trade
• War or peace
• International cooperation
Example:
India’s “Neighbourhood First Policy” or “Act East Policy” are foreign policy strategies.
Thus, foreign policy is an important part of international politics.
3. War and Peace
One of the oldest and most serious aspects of international politics is the study of war and
peace.
It includes:
• Causes of wars
• Prevention of wars
• Arms race
• Peace agreements
Example:
World War I and II changed global politics completely.
Even today, conflicts like Russia–Ukraine war shape international politics.
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4. International Organizations
International politics also studies global institutions created to maintain peace and
cooperation.
Examples:
• United Nations (UN)
• World Bank
• IMF
• WHO
These organizations help in:
• Conflict resolution
• Economic development
• Global governance
• Humanitarian aid
Thus, international organizations are a key part of its scope.
5. Power and Balance of Power
Countries constantly try to maintain or increase their power.
International politics studies how power is distributed in the world.
Concepts include:
• Superpower
• Great power
• Regional power
• Balance of power
Example:
During the Cold War, USA and USSR balanced each other’s power.
Today, global power competition involves USA, China, Russia, EU, and others.
6. International Law
International politics also covers rules governing relations among states.
These rules are called international law and include:
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• Treaties
• Agreements
• Maritime laws
• Human rights laws
Example:
Paris Climate Agreement
Law of the Sea
Although there is no world government, countries still follow many international laws.
7. International Political Economy
Today economics and politics are deeply connected.
International politics studies:
• Global trade
• Economic cooperation
• Sanctions
• Globalization
• Development
Example:
Trade disputes between USA and China affect global politics.
Thus, economic relations are part of international politics.
8. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is the art of managing international relations through negotiation.
It includes:
• Ambassadors
• Summits
• Treaties
• Negotiations
Example:
Peace talks between countries or trade negotiations.
Diplomacy helps avoid wars and maintain cooperation.
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9. Global Issues
Modern international politics also covers global challenges affecting all countries, such as:
• Climate change
• Terrorism
• Cyber security
• Pandemics
• Migration
• Nuclear proliferation
Example:
COVID-19 required global cooperation among nations.
These issues show that international politics is not only about war but also about shared
global problems.
10. Non-State Actors
Earlier, only states mattered in international politics.
But now other actors also play roles, such as:
• Multinational companies
• NGOs
• Terrorist groups
• International media
Example:
Global companies influence economic policies of countries.
So, the scope has expanded beyond states.
Nature of International Politics
To fully understand its scope, we should also know its nature:
1. Dynamic
International politics constantly changes with global events.
2. Power-oriented
Power and national interest dominate decisions.
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3. Conflict and Cooperation Mix
Both rivalry and collaboration exist simultaneously.
4. Global in Character
It involves worldwide interactions.
Difference Between National and International Politics
National Politics
International Politics
Within a country
Between countries
Government authority exists
No world government
Law enforcement strong
Law enforcement weak
Focus on citizens
Focus on states
This difference shows why international politics is complex.
Importance of Studying International Politics
Understanding international politics helps us:
• Know global events
• Understand foreign policy
• Analyze conflicts
• Promote peace
• Understand globalization
• Become informed global citizens
For students, it explains how world affairs affect our lives.
Example:
Oil prices, trade policies, wars—all affect India’s economy.
Conclusion
International Politics is the study of how countries interact, compete, cooperate, and coexist
in the global system. It focuses on power, national interest, diplomacy, war, peace, and
global cooperation.
Its scope has expanded greatly—from traditional topics like war and diplomacy to modern
issues like globalization, climate change, and international organizations.
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In today’s interconnected world, no country can live in isolation. Every nation is part of a
complex web of relationships. Understanding international politics helps us understand this
global web and the forces shaping our world.
2. Discuss Realist Approach regarding Internaonal Polics with special focus on Hans J.
Morgenthau principles.
Ans: The Realist Approach: Setting the Stage
In international politics, the Realist Approach is one of the oldest and most influential ways
of understanding how nations behave. Realism essentially says: “Forget ideal dreams of
peace and morality—countries act mainly out of self-interest, driven by power.”
Realists believe that the world is anarchic, meaning there’s no single authority above
nations. Each state must look after itself, and survival becomes the ultimate goal.
Cooperation may happen, but it’s fragile and temporary. Conflict, competition, and the
struggle for power are seen as natural features of international life.
Hans J. Morgenthau, a German-American scholar, became one of the most famous voices of
realism. His book Politics Among Nations (1948) laid out what he called the six principles of
political realism. These principles are like the backbone of realist thought, and they help us
understand why states act the way they do.
Morgenthau’s Six Principles of Political Realism
1. Politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature
Morgenthau begins by saying that politics isn’t random—it follows certain laws. These laws
come from human nature itself. Since humans are driven by desires, fears, and ambitions,
states (which are made up of humans) also behave in predictable ways.
In other words, international politics is not about wishful thinking; it’s about understanding
the realities of human behavior.
2. Interest is defined in terms of power
This is Morgenthau’s most famous idea. He argues that the central concept in politics is
power. States act to protect and expand their power because that’s how they survive.
So when we analyze foreign policy, we shouldn’t ask, “Is this morally right?” Instead, we
should ask, “How does this serve the state’s power and interest?”
3. Power is universal, but its form changes
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Morgenthau explains that while the pursuit of power is constant, the way power is
expressed changes over time. In one era, it might be military strength; in another, it could
be economic influence or technological superiority.
So realism adapts to history—it doesn’t tie power to just one form but recognizes its shifting
nature.
4. Political realism is aware of moral principles, but separates them from politics
Morgenthau doesn’t say morality is useless. He acknowledges that moral values exist. But
he insists that politics must be judged by its own standards, not by abstract moral ideals.
For example, a leader may want peace, but if pursuing peace weakens the state’s security,
realism says the leader must prioritize survival over morality.
5. Moral aspirations of a nation are not universal laws
Morgenthau warns against confusing national interests with universal morality. Just because
one country believes it is acting morally doesn’t mean its values apply to everyone.
For instance, if a nation claims it is “spreading democracy,” realism would say: that’s not a
universal truth—it’s just that nation’s way of justifying its pursuit of power.
6. Politics is autonomous
Finally, Morgenthau insists that politics must be understood in its own terms. You can’t
reduce international politics to economics, law, or religion. It has its own rules, centered on
power and interest.
This principle keeps realism focused: international politics is about states interacting in a
competitive environment, and the logic of power governs those interactions.
Bringing It Together
So, Morgenthau’s six principles tell a clear story:
• States act according to human nature.
• Power is the central currency.
• Morality exists but cannot override survival.
• Each nation’s values are not universal.
• Politics must be studied as its own field.
This framework helps us analyze world events without illusions. For example, when two
countries form an alliance, realism would say: they’re not doing it out of friendship, but
because it strengthens their power. When a country intervenes abroad, realism would
argue: it’s not purely humanitarian—it’s about protecting interests.
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Conclusion
The Realist Approach, especially Morgenthau’s version, gives us a lens to see international
politics as it really is: a constant struggle for power, shaped by human nature, and guided by
national interest rather than lofty ideals. His six principles remain a cornerstone of
international relations theory, reminding us that behind every diplomatic move lies the
calculation of power.
SECTION-B
3. Discuss the concept of Naonal Power and discuss its various elements.
Ans: Concept of National Power and Its Elements
Imagine the world as a big playground where many countries live together. Each country
wants to be safe, respected, and successful. But just like in real life, some countries have
more influence, strength, and ability to shape events than others.
This overall ability of a country to protect its interests, influence others, and achieve its
goals is called National Power.
So, in simple words:
National Power = The total strength and capacity of a nation to achieve its national
goals and influence other nations.
What is National Power? (Meaning and Concept)
Think of a nation like a person. A person’s power does not depend only on physical strength
— it also depends on intelligence, money, reputation, friends, and confidence.
Similarly, a nation’s power does not depend only on its army. It depends on many things
like:
• Geography
• Population
• Economy
• Technology
• Leadership
• Military strength
• Culture and diplomacy
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All these together create national power.
Political thinkers often say:
National power is the ability of a state to control or influence the behavior of other
states.
For example:
• The USA can influence global policies.
• China shapes world trade.
• India influences South Asia.
This influence comes from national power.
Why is National Power Important?
Every country has goals, such as:
• Security
• Economic growth
• Prestige
• Development
• Influence
To achieve these goals, a country needs power.
Without power:
• A nation cannot defend itself
• Cannot protect interests
• Cannot influence global decisions
So, national power is essential for survival and progress.
Elements of National Power
National power is not one thing. It is made of many elements that together determine a
country’s strength.
Let us understand each element clearly and simply.
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1. Geography
Geography is the natural position and physical features of a country.
It includes:
• Size of territory
• Location
• Climate
• Natural barriers (mountains, seas)
• Natural resources
Geography affects security, trade, and defense.
Examples:
• India has the Himalayas protecting the north.
• Britain is an island — easy to defend.
• Russia is huge — hard to invade.
So geography gives strategic advantage.
Conclusion: Good geography increases national power.
2. Natural Resources
Natural resources include:
• Minerals
• Oil and gas
• Water
• Fertile land
• Forests
Countries rich in resources are powerful because they have raw materials for industry and
energy.
Examples:
• Middle East → oil power
• USA → coal, oil, agriculture
• Russia → gas and minerals
Resources support industry, economy, and military.
Resource-rich nations usually have stronger national power.
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3. Population
Population affects national power in two ways:
(a) Quantity (Size)
A large population means:
• More workers
• Larger army
• Bigger market
Example: India and China benefit from large populations.
(b) Quality
More important than size is quality:
• Education
• Skills
• Health
• Discipline
Japan has smaller population but highly skilled — so powerful.
So both size and quality matter.
4. Economic Power
Economic strength is one of the most important elements.
It includes:
• Industry
• Trade
• Agriculture
• Infrastructure
• Finance
• Technology production
A strong economy allows a country to:
• Build military
• Invest in technology
• Influence global trade
• Give foreign aid
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Examples:
• USA → global economic leader
• China → manufacturing giant
• Germany → industrial power
Economic power = backbone of national power.
5. Military Power
Military power is the ability to defend and fight.
It includes:
• Army
• Navy
• Air force
• Weapons
• Nuclear capability
• Defense technology
A strong military:
• Protects borders
• Deters enemies
• Shows strength
• Supports foreign policy
Examples:
• USA military bases worldwide
• Russia nuclear power
• India strong defense forces
Military power ensures security and respect.
6. Technology and Science
Modern power depends heavily on technology.
It includes:
• Scientific research
• Innovation
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• Space technology
• Cyber power
• AI and digital systems
• Defense technology
Technological nations lead the world.
Examples:
• USA → advanced technology
• Japan → electronics
• China → AI and 5G
• India → space missions
Technology multiplies national power.
7. Political Leadership
Leadership determines how national resources are used.
Good leadership:
• Makes wise decisions
• Maintains unity
• Plans development
• Handles crises
• Guides foreign policy
Poor leadership weakens even rich nations.
Examples:
• Strong leaders transform nations
• Weak governance causes instability
Leadership converts potential power into real power.
8. National Morale and Unity
National morale means people’s spirit, patriotism, and unity.
When citizens are:
• Loyal
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• Motivated
• United
• Proud of nation
The country becomes strong.
Example:
During wars, national unity increases strength.
Divided societies become weak.
Unity = invisible but powerful strength.
9. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is how a country deals with others.
It includes:
• Foreign policy
• Alliances
• Negotiation
• International reputation
Good diplomacy can increase influence without war.
Examples:
• Strategic partnerships
• Trade agreements
• Peace treaties
Small countries with smart diplomacy can be influential.
Diplomacy expands national power globally.
10. Culture and Soft Power
Soft power means attraction rather than force.
It includes:
• Culture
• Values
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• Education
• Media
• Language
• Lifestyle
Countries admired by others gain influence.
Examples:
• Hollywood → USA influence
• Yoga → India’s cultural power
• Korean culture (K-pop, dramas) → Korea influence
Cultural attraction creates global respect.
Types of National Power
Scholars often divide power into two types:
Hard Power
Force and coercion
• Military
• Economic pressure
Soft Power
Attraction and persuasion
• Culture
• Values
• Diplomacy
Modern nations need both.
Interconnection of Elements
All elements are connected.
For example:
• Resources support economy
• Economy supports military
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• Technology strengthens military
• Leadership uses all effectively
So national power is a combined effect — not a single factor.
National Power in Modern World
Today, power is not only about war.
Modern power includes:
• Economic dominance
• Technology leadership
• Global influence
• Innovation
• Information control
Example:
A tech company from one country can influence the world.
So national power has become multidimensional.
Conclusion
National power is the total strength of a nation that enables it to achieve its goals, protect
its interests, and influence other countries. It is not based on one factor but on many
elements working together — geography, resources, population, economy, military,
technology, leadership, unity, diplomacy, and culture.
A powerful nation is not only militarily strong but also economically stable, technologically
advanced, politically well-led, and socially united. In the modern world, national power
includes both hard power and soft power, making it a comprehensive measure of a nation’s
overall capability.
4. Dene the concept of collecve security and discuss its various methods.
Ans: The Concept of Collective Security
At its heart, collective security is a simple but powerful idea: instead of each country
defending itself alone, all countries agree to defend each other. If one state threatens
peace, the rest unite against it. The motto could be: “An attack on one is an attack on all.”
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The concept emerged strongly after the devastation of World War I. Leaders realized that if
nations acted together, they could prevent aggression before it spiraled into global conflict.
The League of Nations was the first major experiment with collective security, and later the
United Nations carried the idea forward.
So, collective security is not about individual alliances (like two countries teaming up). It’s
about a universal system where every member pledges to resist aggression, no matter who
the aggressor is.
Key Features of Collective Security
Before diving into methods, let’s outline what makes collective security distinct:
• Universality: All states are part of the system.
• Commitment: Every state agrees to act against aggression.
• Deterrence: The idea is that no aggressor will dare attack if they know the whole
world will respond.
• Peace Preservation: It’s not just about winning wars—it’s about preventing them.
Methods of Collective Security
Now, let’s discuss the different ways collective security can be practiced. Think of these as
the “tools” available to the international community when peace is threatened.
1. Diplomacy and Negotiation
The first method is always peaceful: talking it out. Collective security encourages disputes to
be settled through dialogue, mediation, or arbitration. If two countries clash, the system
provides forums (like the UN Security Council) where they can present their case and seek
compromise.
This method works best when tensions are still manageable and both sides are willing to
listen.
2. Economic Sanctions
If diplomacy fails, collective security can move to pressure tactics. Economic sanctions are a
common tool: cutting off trade, freezing assets, or restricting financial flows to the aggressor
state.
The idea is to weaken the aggressor’s economy so that continuing conflict becomes too
costly. Sanctions are less violent than war but can be very effective if widely enforced.
3. Military Action
When peaceful methods don’t work, collective security may require military force. This
doesn’t mean one country fights alone—it means a coalition of states acts together to stop
aggression.
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For example, during the Korean War (1950), the United Nations authorized military action
against North Korea’s invasion of South Korea. Multiple countries contributed troops under
a unified command. That was collective security in action.
4. Peacekeeping Operations
Another method is peacekeeping. This involves sending neutral forces (often under the UN
flag) to conflict zones to maintain ceasefires, protect civilians, or supervise elections.
Peacekeeping is less aggressive than full military intervention. It’s more about stabilizing
situations and preventing violence from flaring up again.
5. Arms Control and Disarmament
Collective security also works through agreements to limit weapons. If nations reduce their
stockpiles of dangerous arms, the chances of war decrease. Treaties like the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty (NPT) are examples of collective efforts to control weapons.
6. Collective Decision-Making in International Organizations
Finally, collective security relies on institutions like the UN Security Council. These bodies
provide a structured way for states to make decisions together. Resolutions passed by such
organizations carry legitimacy and ensure that actions are not unilateral but collective.
Challenges in Practice
While the idea of collective security is noble, it faces challenges:
• States may hesitate to act if their own interests aren’t directly threatened.
• Powerful states sometimes dominate decisions, weakening universality.
• Sanctions and military actions can be unevenly applied.
Despite these issues, collective security remains a cornerstone of modern international
relations. It represents humanity’s attempt to replace the law of the jungle with the rule of
law.
Conclusion
To sum up, collective security is the principle that peace can be preserved if all nations unite
against aggression. Its methods range from diplomacy and sanctions to military action,
peacekeeping, disarmament, and institutional decision-making. While not perfect, it reflects
the hope that cooperation can prevent war and maintain stability in the international
system.
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SECTION-C
5. Examine the issues of environment in Internaonal Relaons.
Ans: Understanding Environment in International Relations
Traditionally, international relations focused on war, diplomacy, and trade. But in the
modern world, environmental issues have become equally important. Why? Because nature
does not follow political boundaries. Air, oceans, rivers, wildlife, and climate connect all
nations.
For example:
• Pollution from one country can damage another country’s environment.
• Carbon emissions in industrial nations affect global climate.
• Melting glaciers affect water supply in many regions.
So environmental problems are global problems, not just national ones.
Major Environmental Issues in International Relations
Let’s examine the key environmental issues that influence relations between countries.
1. Climate Change — The Biggest Global Challenge
Climate change is the most discussed environmental issue in international politics today.
It happens mainly due to greenhouse gases released from:
• Industries
• Vehicles
• Deforestation
• Energy production
These emissions warm the Earth and change climate patterns worldwide.
The problem in international relations arises because:
• Developed countries historically produced most emissions.
• Developing countries now want to grow economically.
• Poor countries suffer the worst impacts.
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So countries disagree on questions like:
• Who should reduce emissions?
• Who should pay for damage?
• Who should fund green technology?
This creates negotiations, agreements, and conflicts among nations.
Example: Global climate agreements like the Paris Climate Agreement involve complex
international cooperation.
2. Resource Competition Between Nations
Natural resources such as water, forests, minerals, and energy are limited. As populations
grow, countries compete for them.
This creates international tensions.
Water conflicts
Many rivers flow through multiple countries:
• Nile
• Indus
• Mekong
• Danube
If upstream countries build dams or divert water, downstream countries suffer.
Example:
Water disputes often create diplomatic tensions between neighboring states.
Energy competition
Countries compete for:
• Oil
• Gas
• Rare minerals
This influences global alliances and conflicts.
So environmental resources become geopolitical tools.
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3. Transboundary Pollution
Pollution often crosses borders without permission.
Examples:
• Air pollution travels through wind
• Ocean pollution spreads through currents
• Nuclear accidents affect multiple countries
A famous example is the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, where radiation spread across Europe.
This creates international issues like:
• Responsibility
• Compensation
• Environmental regulation
• Safety standards
Countries demand accountability from others.
4. Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss
Forests like the Amazon, Congo Basin, and Southeast Asian rainforests are global ecological
assets. They regulate climate and host biodiversity.
But they are located within specific countries.
This creates tension:
• Forest countries want development.
• Other nations want conservation.
For example:
Global pressure on Brazil regarding Amazon deforestation shows how environment
becomes an international political issue.
So questions arise:
• Who owns global ecological resources?
• Should rich countries pay for conservation?
• Do developing countries have the right to use forests?
5. Environmental Migration and Security
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Environmental damage can force people to move.
Causes:
• Rising sea levels
• Desertification
• Flooding
• Crop failure
• Water scarcity
These migrants often cross borders.
This creates new international concerns:
• Refugee policies
• Border tensions
• Resource pressure
• Humanitarian crises
For example:
Small island nations fear disappearance due to sea-level rise, creating future migration
challenges.
Environmental change thus becomes a security issue in international relations.
6. Global Commons — Shared Spaces of the Planet
Some parts of Earth belong to no single country. These are called global commons:
• Atmosphere
• Oceans
• Antarctica
• Outer space
Environmental damage to these areas affects everyone.
So countries must cooperate to manage them.
Issues include:
• Ocean pollution
• Overfishing
• Melting polar ice
• Marine biodiversity loss
International treaties regulate these commons, but enforcement is difficult.
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7. Inequality Between Developed and Developing Nations
Environmental politics often reflects global inequality.
Developed countries:
• Industrialized earlier
• Emitted more carbon historically
• Have more wealth and technology
Developing countries:
• Need growth
• Have lower emissions historically
• Face higher climate vulnerability
This creates debate about climate justice:
Should poorer countries sacrifice development for a problem they didn’t cause?
So environmental negotiations involve fairness, responsibility, and equity.
International Cooperation on Environmental Issues
Because environmental problems are global, countries try to cooperate through
international institutions and treaties.
Examples include:
• Climate agreements
• Biodiversity conventions
• Ocean treaties
• Pollution control agreements
These aim to:
• Reduce emissions
• Protect ecosystems
• Share technology
• Fund climate adaptation
But cooperation is difficult because nations prioritize national interests.
Environment as a Source of Conflict and Cooperation
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Environmental issues in international relations create both conflict and cooperation.
Conflict occurs when:
• Resources are scarce
• Pollution crosses borders
• Responsibilities are disputed
• Economic interests clash
Cooperation occurs when:
• Shared risks exist
• Global survival is threatened
• Collective action is necessary
So environment reshapes diplomacy and global politics.
Why Environment Matters in International Relations Today
In the 21st century, environmental issues are no longer separate from politics. They
influence:
• National security
• Economic development
• Global trade
• Migration
• Diplomacy
• International law
Some experts even say climate change will shape global politics more than wars.
Because:
Environmental stability = human survival.
Simple Way to Remember
You can understand environmental issues in international relations through one idea:
Nature connects all countries, but politics divides them.
So nations must cooperate to manage shared environmental problems — even when their
interests differ.
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Conclusion
Environmental issues have become central to international relations because environmental
problems cross borders and affect all humanity. Climate change, resource competition,
transboundary pollution, biodiversity loss, environmental migration, and global commons
management all require cooperation between nations. However, differences in economic
development, historical responsibility, and national interests create tensions and
negotiations in global politics.
Thus, the environment has transformed international relations from a system focused
mainly on power and war into one increasingly shaped by shared ecological challenges and
global cooperation. Today, protecting the planet is not just an environmental goal — it is a
fundamental international political necessity for the survival and well-being of humanity.
6. Discuss the issue of Terrorism in Internaonal Polics.
Ans: Understanding Terrorism in International Politics
Terrorism is one of the most pressing challenges in today’s world. It’s not just about isolated
acts of violence—it’s about how those acts ripple across borders, destabilize governments,
and reshape international relations. In simple terms, terrorism refers to the use of violence
or threats of violence by non-state actors (like groups or individuals) to achieve political,
ideological, or religious goals.
What makes terrorism especially significant in international politics is that it doesn’t stay
confined within one country. Terrorist networks often operate across borders, target foreign
nationals, and provoke responses from multiple states. This transforms terrorism from a
domestic law-and-order issue into a global political problem.
The Nature of Terrorism
One of the difficulties in studying terrorism is that it’s hard to define precisely. Different
governments and organizations describe it differently, often influenced by their own
political perspectives. For example, one group’s “freedom fighters” may be another’s
“terrorists.”
Despite this ambiguity, terrorism usually involves:
• Deliberate violence against civilians or symbolic targets.
• Political or ideological motives (not random crime).
• Psychological impact—terrorists aim to spread fear beyond the immediate victims.
Terrorism as a Global Issue
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In international politics, terrorism is not just about the act itself but about the
consequences:
• Security Threats: Terrorism challenges the sovereignty of states. Governments must
divert resources to counter-terrorism, sometimes at the expense of development.
• International Cooperation: Because terrorist networks cross borders, countries must
cooperate—sharing intelligence, coordinating law enforcement, and sometimes
conducting joint military operations.
• Diplomatic Strains: Terrorist incidents can strain relations between countries. For
instance, if a group based in one country attacks another, accusations and tensions
often follow.
• Humanitarian Impact: Terrorism often leads to refugee crises, displacement, and
human rights violations, which then become international concerns.
Approaches to Counter-Terrorism
International politics has developed several strategies to deal with terrorism. These can be
grouped into broad categories:
1. Military Action
Some states respond with direct military force against terrorist groups. This can involve
airstrikes, ground operations, or targeted killings. While sometimes effective in weakening
groups, military action often raises debates about sovereignty, civilian casualties, and long-
term stability.
2. Intelligence and Policing
Another method is strengthening intelligence networks and police cooperation. Sharing
information across borders helps track terrorist financing, recruitment, and movements.
This is often seen as a more sustainable approach than purely military responses.
3. Legal and Institutional Measures
International organizations like the United Nations have passed conventions against
terrorism, aiming to create a common legal framework. For example, treaties against
hijacking or financing terrorism help align global efforts.
4. Addressing Root Causes
Some argue that terrorism cannot be defeated by force alone. Poverty, political exclusion,
and ideological radicalization are seen as underlying causes. Addressing these through
education, development, and inclusive governance is part of the broader strategy.
Terrorism and Global Politics
Terrorism has reshaped the way states interact. After major terrorist incidents—like the
attacks of September 11, 2001—international politics shifted dramatically. The “War on
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Terror” became a defining feature of global relations, leading to military interventions, new
alliances, and changes in domestic policies worldwide.
It also raised difficult questions:
• How far can states go in restricting freedoms to ensure security?
• Should sovereignty be overridden if a state harbors terrorists?
• How do we balance military action with humanitarian concerns?
These debates show that terrorism is not just about violence—it’s about values, law, and
the future of international order.
Conclusion
Terrorism in international politics is a multifaceted issue. It challenges state sovereignty,
demands global cooperation, and forces nations to rethink security, diplomacy, and even
morality. While military, legal, and intelligence measures are crucial, the deeper challenge
lies in addressing the conditions that allow terrorism to thrive.
SECTION-D
7. Discuss the structure and funcons of UNO.
Ans: What is the UNO?
The United Nations Organization (UNO), commonly called the United Nations (UN), is a
global organization of countries that work together to solve international problems,
maintain peace, protect human rights, and promote development.
It currently has 193 member countries, almost every recognized nation in the world. Each
member agrees to follow the UN Charter—the organization’s guiding document.
Structure of the UNO (Main Organs)
The UNO is like a large system with different departments, each responsible for specific
tasks. The UN has six principal organs, but five are active today. Let’s understand them in a
simple way.
General Assembly – The World’s Parliament
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The General Assembly is the main discussion forum of the UN. Every member country has
one seat and one vote here—whether big like the USA or small like Bhutan.
Structure:
• All 193 member nations
• Each country sends representatives
• Meets annually in New York
Functions:
• Discusses global issues (peace, environment, economy, human rights)
• Approves the UN budget
• Elects members to other UN organs
• Makes recommendations to countries
Think of it like a global parliament where all countries can speak equally.
Security Council – Guardian of Peace
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The Security Council is the most powerful UN body because it deals with international
peace and security.
Structure:
• 15 members total
• 5 permanent members (USA, UK, France, Russia, China)
• 10 non-permanent members (elected for 2 years)
The 5 permanent members have veto power—they can block any major decision.
Functions:
• Prevents conflicts between nations
• Sends peacekeeping forces to troubled regions
• Imposes sanctions on aggressive countries
• Authorizes military action if necessary
So, if the world faces a war or conflict, the Security Council takes action.
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – Development Planner
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Peace is not possible without development. The ECOSOC focuses on improving living
standards across the world.
Structure:
• 54 member countries
• Elected by the General Assembly
• Representatives from different regions
Functions:
• Promotes economic growth
• Improves education and health
• Coordinates UN agencies (WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF)
• Works on poverty reduction and sustainable development
It acts like the UN’s development and welfare department.
International Court of Justice (ICJ) – World Court
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Countries sometimes have disputes—over borders, rivers, or treaties. Instead of war, they
can go to the International Court of Justice.
Structure:
• 15 judges
• Elected for 9 years
• Located in The Hague (Netherlands)
Functions:
• Settles legal disputes between countries
• Gives legal advice to UN organs
• Interprets international law
It works like a global Supreme Court for nations.
Secretariat – Administrative Body
The Secretariat manages the daily work of the UN.
Structure:
• Led by the Secretary-General (UN’s chief officer)
• International staff from many countries
• Headquarters in New York
Functions:
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• Implements UN decisions
• Organizes conferences and reports
• Conducts research and peace missions
• Acts as mediator in conflicts
The Secretary-General is often called the “voice of the world.”
Trusteeship Council – Dormant Organ
This body was created to help colonies become independent countries after World War II.
Since most colonies gained independence, it stopped active operations in 1994. So today, it
has little role.
Functions of the UNO (What the UN Does)
Beyond structure, the UN performs many important global roles. Let’s understand its major
functions in a simple narrative.
1. Maintaining International Peace
The UN’s primary goal is preventing wars. It does this by:
• Sending peacekeeping forces
• Mediating negotiations
• Monitoring ceasefires
For example, UN peacekeepers are stationed in conflict zones worldwide.
2. Promoting Friendly Relations
The UN encourages cooperation among nations through diplomacy, dialogue, and
agreements. It provides a platform where countries talk instead of fight.
3. Protecting Human Rights
The UN promotes equality and dignity through:
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• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Monitoring violations
• Supporting refugees
Agencies like UNHCR and Human Rights Council work in this area.
4. Economic and Social Development
The UN helps developing countries by:
• Fighting poverty and hunger
• Improving education and health
• Supporting sustainable development goals (SDGs)
Organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and World Bank support these efforts.
5. Solving Global Problems
Many issues affect all humanity, such as:
• Climate change
• Pandemics
• Terrorism
• Natural disasters
The UN coordinates global responses to these challenges.
6. Humanitarian Assistance
During disasters or wars, the UN provides:
• Food aid
• Medical help
• Shelter for refugees
• Emergency relief
Agencies like World Food Programme lead such missions.
Importance of the UNO
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Without the UN, the world would have:
• More wars
• Less cooperation
• Weak human rights protection
• Poor global development coordination
The UN acts like a global meeting place, peacekeeper, and helper for humanity.
Conclusion
The United Nations Organization (UNO) is a remarkable institution created from the painful
lessons of world war. Its structure—with organs like the General Assembly, Security Council,
ECOSOC, ICJ, and Secretariat—ensures that different global needs are addressed
systematically. Its functions—peacekeeping, development, human rights protection, and
humanitarian aid—help maintain stability and progress across the world.
In simple terms, the UN is like a global government of cooperation (not control), where
nations work together to build peace, justice, and development. Though challenges remain,
the UNO continues to be humanity’s most important platform for collective action and hope
for a better future.
8. Examine EU as regional organizaon with special focus on Brexit.
Ans: The EU as a Regional Organization
The European Union is often described as the most advanced example of regional
integration in the modern world. It began after World War II, when European leaders
realized that lasting peace and prosperity could only be achieved if countries cooperated
closely rather than competing destructively.
Starting with the European Coal and Steel Community in the 1950s, the EU gradually
expanded into a political and economic union. Today, it includes 27 member states (after
the UK’s departure) and covers a wide range of areas: trade, environment, security,
migration, and even aspects of foreign policy.
What makes the EU unique is that it is more than just an alliance—it has supranational
institutions like the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Court of
Justice. These bodies can make decisions that are binding on member states, which is rare in
international politics. This gives the EU a distinctive character as both a regional
organization and a political experiment in shared sovereignty.
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Goals and Achievements of the EU
The EU’s main goals have been:
• Economic integration: creating a single market where goods, services, capital, and
people move freely.
• Political cooperation: ensuring stability and preventing conflict among member
states.
• Collective prosperity: pooling resources to generate benefits that no single country
could achieve alone.
Achievements include the euro currency (used by 19 countries), the Schengen Area
(allowing passport-free travel), and common policies on agriculture, environment, and
trade. The EU has also become a major global actor, negotiating trade deals and influencing
international standards.
Brexit: The Turning Point
Despite these successes, the EU has faced challenges. The most dramatic was Brexit—the
United Kingdom’s decision to leave the EU. In 2016, a referendum was held in the UK, and a
majority voted to exit. This was the first time a member state chose to leave, making Brexit
a historic moment.
Why Did Brexit Happen?
Several reasons fueled the decision:
• Sovereignty concerns: Many in the UK felt that EU membership limited their ability
to make independent decisions.
• Immigration: Free movement of people within the EU raised debates about jobs,
welfare, and national identity.
• Economic arguments: Some believed the UK could strike better trade deals outside
the EU.
• Political nationalism: A growing sentiment that national interests were being
overshadowed by EU-wide policies.
The Process
Brexit was formally triggered in 2017 under Article 50 of the EU Treaty. After years of
negotiation, the UK officially left the EU on January 31, 2020. The process involved complex
debates over trade, borders (especially Northern Ireland), and the rights of citizens living in
each other’s territories.
Impact of Brexit
Brexit had wide-ranging consequences:
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• On the UK: It regained control over its laws and borders but faced economic
challenges, including trade disruptions and reduced access to the EU single market.
• On the EU: It lost one of its largest economies and military powers, but Brexit also
strengthened unity among remaining members, who saw the importance of sticking
together.
• On International Politics: Brexit reshaped alliances, trade relations, and the balance
of power in Europe. It also sparked debates about the future of regional integration
worldwide.
The EU After Brexit
Post-Brexit, the EU continues to function as a strong regional organization. It has focused on
deepening integration among remaining members, addressing challenges like climate
change, digital transformation, and security threats. Brexit, while a setback, also served as a
reminder that integration must balance national identity with collective goals.
Conclusion
The European Union stands as the most ambitious regional organization in history, blending
economic, political, and social cooperation across diverse nations. Brexit was a major test of
its resilience, showing both the limits of integration and the strength of collective unity.
While the UK chose a different path, the EU remains a powerful force in international
politics, shaping trade, diplomacy, and global governance.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any
mistakes or have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”
